individualization process is a psychological factor which presents the mental growth and internal and unconscious discoveries of human being during his life. It also affects his voluntary decisions, even when the individual reaches a maturity point. This psychoanalytic process is considered as the central axis of individual personality, an internal guide and even the unconscious instructor of the mind, with the help of which his thoughts mature in time.It should be pointed out that Sana’i’s ghazals reflect the concept of pure poetry and are the unconscious excursion of the poet’s enthusiastic and effervescent thoughts. Therefore, by investigating into the path of psychological development in the ghazals by Sana’i, one can conclude that the mystical thoughts in the poems present states of being, which are indicative of this spiritual and psychological process.The present paper, which is a descriptive study, aims at revealing the influence of ghazal as a poetry form and also the mystical concepts in the psychological development of this wise and prominent poet. Thus, it seems that the multipurpose application of concepts and paradoxical language of Sufism, internalization of the “old wise” archetype, transformation of Anima concept in some ghazals and the effect of religion and mysticism in all aspects of the poet’s psychology are important factors which cause his sprit to mature stage by stage.

The relationship between literary texts and psychoanalysis was proposed in the 20th century with the help of Freud's theories, and after him, Carl Gustav Jung played a prominent role in this field and wrote important works about the reflection of people's emotions and thoughts in his creations. According to Jung, human thoughts are partly derived from daily desires and are largely influenced by the collective unconscious and old images (archetypes), and in general, humans are controlled by their unconscious throughout their lives. In this article, the epopee Bahram and Golandam by Aminuddin Safi (the poet of the 9th century) has been analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method and from Jung's psychoanalytic point of view in order to determine the level of collective unconsciousness and its elements in it. According to the obtained results, this folk tale is consistent with the archetype of Jung's individuation and shows the path of character development towards evolution; hence, in this poem, Keshvarshah is a code of humans and Bahram represents his archetype, who goes through the difficult stages of confronting the shadow to connect with the anima, and finally, his connection with Golandam completes the cycle of character transformation. Also, in this system, two archetypes of the shadow and the old man play a more prominent role: the archetype of the shadow due to the persistence and great effort of the king to develop the character, and the archetype of the old man due to his enthusiasm and confusion.Keywords: Jung, Archetype, Collective Unconscious, Aminuddin Safi, Bahram and Golandam. IntroductionAccording to Jung, the human psyche has three parts, which include the conscious mind (I or ego), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Jung defined the personal unconscious as a special area adjacent to the ego. He feels that a person's unconscious consists of ideas and emotions that existed as consciousness at one time; but now they are suppressed, forgotten, or for some reason purposefully ignored or forced out.The collective unconscious is the main part of the psyche and is much deeper and wider than the conscious part. This part of the psyche contains ancient images that are almost the same among all human beings and are reflected in dreams and other unconscious activities. Literature ReviewAccording to Jung, due to having a common mental structure, people face similar problems in different periods, and the key to solving these problems should be found with the help of collective and ancient psychological experiences. He called these old experiences archetypes and this term is the most important topic in his psychoanalysis.The contents of the collective unconscious are not acquired, but inherited, and thus are the same across cultures. This unconsciousness consists of two main aspects, i.e. archetypes and instincts (such as sexual instinct, violence, etc.). Archetypes are a reservoir and storehouse of experiences that have been constantly repeated throughout human history. These patterns always exist for every human being from birth and they have chosen a home in the deepest part of their unconscious. Every human being can face them internally through dreams and imaginations and externally through myths and religious teachings (Snowden, 2013: 121).Archetypal images or archetypes show different aspects of the mental apparatus and each one is revealed with the help of some symbols. Jung introduced some of their most important forms as follows: self, shadow, anima and animus, old man, mother, hero, mask, etc. In this article, our intention is to show the growth path of Keshvarshah's personality in the epopee of Bahram and Golandam. MethodologyThe book Bahram and Golandam is about the love of Bahram, the prince of Rome, to Golandam, the daughter of the Khaqan of China, and by reflecting on the structure of the story, its symbolic depth is determined. In fact, in this poem, the poet has symbolically told the story of the evolution and integration of the character with the help of a folk tale, and each of the elements of the story, such as characters, phenomena, and various creatures, are a symbol of a part of the unconscious mind, and Prince Bahram's battle to reach his lover, in the language of psychoanalysis, is a reflection of the psyche's sweating to solve problems related to the unconscious and absorb it into consciousness. ConclusionFolktales have a happy ending with a happy union. The same issue shows the repetitive pattern of these stories and, in fact, general and universal content that depicts the path of human excellence towards a comprehensive personality. In this research, the following results have been obtained:Keshvarshah is a symbol of man or the actualized dimension of the psyche (self-awareness) that strives to achieve a new and superior personality.Prince Bahram is a symbol of his archetype, which becomes active after man's effort and concern for progress and tries to harmonize different parts of the unconscious mind. At first, he reaches the psychic center with the help of an unseen helper (deer, a code of the wise old man) and there, after facing the image of his incomparable lover (Anima), with the guidance of the wise man (Pir Bazargan), he walks on the long and difficult path of love.In this story, the shadow has a positive side as well as a negative side. After encountering Anima, the prince reaches the land of fairies (Jenian). Jeni brothers (Shadow archetypes) first appear in the enemy's delegation and after defeating Bahram, they help him in the prince's battles by giving him a few strands of their hair; Therefore, after this change, they are considered a symbol of the positive dimension of the shadow. The negative effects of the shadow have also been shown by elements such as the prince's rivals and the demons, after defeating the Jenian, Bahram first faced the demon and after killing it, he faced the mysterious and terrifying world of the collective unconscious (the terrible sea) and the various manifestations of this unconscious, such as the negative shadow (Behzad and Noushadshah), the hero, etc.In the end, after marrying Golandam, Bahram finds out about his father's restlessness and unhappiness with the help of the archetype of sleep, and after returning to his homeland, he becomes a worthy successor to his father. In this story, the direction of the prince's journey is from the West, i.e. ignorance, to the East, i.e. inner illumination, and this is another secret of man's effort to achieve the higher aspect of personality. According to Jung's view, in this system, the prince's conflict is related to the negative aspects of the psyche; because it is difficult for humans to accept the negative aspects of their existence and to change them. The archetype of the wise old man also appears twice in the story, and the reason for this is the prince's confusion and desperate need to find a way out of his current situation. 

Criminal Justice Management, with a human rights and participatory approach, while maintaining restorative perspective in process of crime control, seeks to reduce criminal population, files density and the costs of criminal justice. Therefore, when prosecution, sentencing or punishment is not necessary, granting a offender an opportunity to reform, treatment and rehabilitation and criminal act committed is not serious and important, the criminal policy, minimal intervention and criminal tolerance is taken. Our country, meanwhile, has not far from change and evolution, adapted from the countries of France and the United Kingdom, based on the necessities and findings of criminal law, including alternative sentences (especially short-term imprisonment) in approving criminal laws paying attention to advocacy and given opportunity institutions such as suspension of prosecution. In the course of legal changes, with approved the Islamic Penal Code and the Penal Procedure Code of 1392, in addition to the changes in the institution of suspending the execution of punishment, while paying attention to institutions such as deferment, suspension or non-prosecution, are based on the "criminal leniency" approach of new institutions such as deferment to sentencing, archiving file, and so on. The deferment of sentencing institution is connected with many criminal policy concepts, such as: human dignity, individualization of criminal justice, expediency, DE penalization, restorative justice, circuit victim and offender, and so on.

Iran's new criminal policy in the legislative, judicial, and executive dimensions is in line with the rapprochement. On the other hand, the individualization of the execution of the punishment guarantees the reformative goals of the punishment. The present article emphasizes the necessity of "combining the policy of individualization of punishment with the criminal policy of rapprochement in the light of the role of the execution judge".The question Is: to what extent do the current powers provide the possibility of adapting the execution of the punishment to the personal, family, and social conditions of the criminal in line with the arbitrary criminal policy? In this article, in a descriptive-analytical way, the discretionary authority of the judge in the execution of the sentences has been criticized and analyzed from the perspective of arbitrary criminal policy. The findings of the research show that the authority of the judge to execute sentences is defined only in the framework of "primary exclusion" - based on the individual characteristics of the convicted person, while le the individualization of fraternity requires the creation of "secondary exclusion" mechanisms - based on conditions outside the personality of the convicted person and her/his behavior during the execution of the sentence.1.Introduction The criminal process does not end with the determination of the punishment, but the main stage after the verdict is the "execution of the punishment" and the effectiveness of the reaction against the crime and the realization of the goals of the punishment depends on how the punishment is applied and how much and how much the behavior of the "judge who executes the sentences" in the "pre-decision" stage. On the other hand, arbitrary criminal policy has many benefits for society, the accused, and the judicial system.Some believe that the execution judge entered the criminal system with the purpose of individualizing punishments and has duties and powers in the field of suspension, postponement of sentencing, parole, partial release, and alternative punishments of imprisonment. (Mousavi Fard et al., 2016: 13) Therefore, the judge must know that she is an independent judge and her decisions can be appealed (Cartier, 2001: 90).From the analytical point of view, what distinguishes the "current situation" from the "ideal situation" is the type of activism of the executive judge to combine the policy of individualization with the arbitrary policy. In this context, the main question of the research is whether the current authority of the judge to execute the sentence and the legal mechanisms of individualizing the execution of the punishment can be considered in line with the arbitrary criminal policy. MethodologyIn this article, in a descriptive-analytical way, the discretionary authority of the judge in the execution of the sentences has been criticized and analyzed from the perspective of arbitrary criminal policy.For this purpose, the legal powers of the judge for the execution of sentences include "independent actions" and "dependent actions" and under each section, examples of "mandatory actions" and "discretionary actions" of the judge have been reviewed and in each case, to create areas of "individualization of rapprochement", while identifying and highlighting existing gaps and weaknesses, solutions have been proposed to improve the role of the judge in the execution of sentences. Results and DiscussionFrom the author's point of view, the authority given to the judge for the execution of sentences, rather than being a purposeful and intelligent mechanism in the direction of judicialization of punishment and "executive- arbitrary segregation", is merely a form of incomplete division of work and removal of the workload from the shoulders of court judges.On the other hand, merely involving a person with judicial expertise in the execution stage of the sentence, without giving independent legal powers and without taking into account a corrective approach in the application of punishment, is only an administrative shift rather than a judicial transformation in line with the knowledge of criminology.In such a situation, where the final decision regarding the use of reconciliation mechanisms is in the hands of the court judge, perhaps we can talk about "judicial exclusion", but talking about "executive segregation" is very difficult and far from the realities and existing legal capacities. From this point of view, the exclusive jurisdiction of the judge for the execution of sentences requires having independent powers and turning "dependent actions" into "independent powers".In this regard, the author's proposal, on the one hand, is to amend the legal provisions related to the authority of the judge of execution sentences to increase the independent authority of the judge of execution of sentences to individualize the execution of punishment and on the other hand, the collection of scattered provisions in the Islamic Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Law is under Article 489 of the latter law. ConclusionsMerely giving authority to the judge to execute sentences without formulating and drawing a specific criminal policy will not only cause the punishments to be effective and not have a corrective effect but rather, sometimes the neglect and even abuse of the executive authority's aggravating powers will cause strictness on the convict and her exclusion from correctional institutions.From this point of view, drawing and understanding the arbitrary criminal policy - which is the new strategy of Iran's criminal policy - and justifying the judges who execute sentences to use the capacity of arbitrary institutions, will provide the basis for the individualization of arbitrary and the realization of the reformist character of punishment.Also, the individualization of punishment should not be based only on personality traits and individual conditions of self-condemned (primary segregation), but family, environmental, and peripheral factors and possibilities of punishment should also be considered in individualization (secondary segregation).For example, the density of the prison population the spread of disease in the prison, or the prevalence of drug use or gross immorality in the prison environment should be a reason for the individualization of the execution of the sentence by the judge.The intended mechanism can be in the form of adding a clause to Article 18 of the Islamic Penal Code, with the content that the court takes into account the following matters when issuing a penalty sentence:”… Side factors beyond the defendant's will and conditions such as prison facilities and population, natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes in the defendant's residence or the place of punishment, general health conditions such as widespread diseases and…” Selection of ReferencesAhmadi Movahhed, Asghar (2007), Execution of criminal sentences, third edition, Tehran: Mizan publishing house. [In Persian]Ahmadzadeh, Rasul and Tam, Mojtabi (1402), Procedure of Punishment, first edition, Tehran: Judiciary Publications. [In Persian]Heydari, Ali Morad (2016), General Criminal Law; Jurisprudential-legal review of reaction against crime, second edition, Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian]Jessica Breen(2008), “Prisoners’ Families and the Ripple Effects of Imprisonment”, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 97, No. 385, The Family Today (Spring 2008), Published By: Messenger Publications, pp. 59-71. Louise Robinson, Sue Tucker, Claire Hargreaves,(2022), “Providing Social Care following Release from Prison: Emerging Practice Arrangements Further to the Introduction of the 2014 Care Act”, The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 52, Issue 2, March 2022, Pages 982–1002,Miller v. Alabama, (2012), “Banning mandatory juvenile life-without-parole sentences”, Washington and Lee Law Review, Volume 76 Issue 1 Article 4. pp 312-320.Rahmdel, Mansour (2014), Criminal Procedure Code, third volume, second edition, Tehran: Justice Publishing House.Tavajjohi, Abdul Ali (1402), Arbitrary institutions in the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013, first edition, Tehran, Judiciary Publications. [In Persian]

The economics of crime is one of the interdisciplinary topics that entered economics after the 1970s with the efforts of Gray-Becker, and this science is trying to analyze the economic aspects of crime. The occurrence of crime as an undesirable social phenomenon has several economic and social causes, and due to the importance of the issue of crime, in different countries, in recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to identify and explain the causes of its occurrence. Identifying and explaining the causes of crime makes we reach the goal of prevention,because the costs of crime, especially the costs of punishment, including imprisonment, impose a heavy burden on the executive body. By identifying and preventing these factors, these costs can be reduced and spent on other priorities. In this article, the dimensions of the economy of crime in the analysis of the pluralism of punishment and its individualization have been investigated with a descriptive and analytical method.

In the field of criminal sciences individualization can be observed as a multi-layered process comprising distinct stages. The first stage involves legal individualization, wherein legislators prescribe punishments proportionate to crime severity. But, due to the generic and impersonal nature of laws, the personal characteristics of offenders receive limited consideration. The subsequent stage entails judicial individualization, wherein the judge through examination of the defendant's personality traits, psychological profile, and social circumstances seeks to impose a sentence tailored to their individual conditions Furthermore, individualization remains vital during punishment execution—particularly in systems where sentence enforcement retains judicial oversight. At this stage, adjustments to the execution modality may be made based on the prisoner’s evolving circumstances. Beyond these tiers, rehabilitative individualization takes effect, aiming to reform and reintegrate offenders while preventing recidivism. This process requires the design of person-centered rehabilitation programs based on existing correctional models, ensuring each individual receives tailored educational, therapeutic, and vocational training—adapted to their specific needs and circumstances—to facilitate their reintegration into society. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model facilitates offender rehabilitation by targeting cognitive and behavioral patterns to induce intrinsic change The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model identifies and addresses individual-specific needs to mitigate recidivism risks. The Good Lives Model (GLM)—emphasizing creating opportunities for healthy, purpose-driven living helps offenders redirect their paths from criminal behavior toward personal growth and rehabilitation. Integrated implementation of these three models could significantly enhance personal rehabilitation of offenders, reduce recidivism rates, and facilitate successful societal reintegration.

Background and purpose: Exploitation and grazing of livestock is the most important human activity on the rangelands. The importance of how to manage the ranch units of each and every rangelands is one of the management challenges of rangelands in the country. Rangelands need basic management and planning for keeping resources (water, soil and plants) safe and livestock grazing continuity. Therefore, the importance of proper use of rangeland has made it as one of the most vital issues in the field of conservation, rehabilitation, improvement, and development of rangelands. In this regard, the present research has investigated the willingness of ranchers towards the individualization of rangeland among the ranchers of Gamishan city in the northwest of Golestan province. Materials and Methods: The present research is field in terms of data collection, descriptive in terms of variable control, and survey in terms of implementation strategy. The statistical population of the research consists of 200 rangeland households from three ranch units in Gomishan city of Golestan province. So that 127 of them were selected as the sample size based on Krejcie Morgan table. Sampling was random as well as the classification. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was systematically developed according to the purpose of the research and based on the background of the research as well as interviews with experts and experienced ranchers based on the focused group method and extracting a set of relevant components. To determine the willingness of ranchers towards the individualization of rangelands, 44 items in the form of 7 components economic, social, water and soil, rehabilitation and protection, livestock and animal husbandry, welfare and management were used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and ranchers. To ensure its reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, which averaged 0. 805, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. Statistical calculations in this research were performed using SPSS25 software in two descriptive and inferential sections. Results: The results of the research showed that ranchers had a greater willingness to individualize their rangelands with a numerical value of 2. 76. The results indicated that, the individualization of rangelands from economic dimension was depend on "creating investment in livestock and rangeland" and "improving livestock income". Reducing violations and crimes in rangeland was the most important issue in the social dimension. And " optimum use of surface water in the pasture" and "Prevention of soil erosion and loss of surface soil" in water and soil dimension were pointed out. Avoiding non-native ranchers from entering the rangeland "and "rehabilitation of rangeland lands through plantation and integrated methods" were found important in the dimension of rangeland restoration and protection. Grazing system in the rangeland and creating a suitable space for providing livestock drinking in the dimension of livestock and animal husbandry were named. Development of clean energy such as solar panels in the rangeland and access to suitable facilities for family life in the welfare dimension, improvement in creativity and innovation in rangeland management and organizational support and access to government services in the management dimension were focused on. In addition, the dimensions of "management" and "livestock and animal husbandry" in the individualization of rangelands and "social" dimension in the exploitation of collective were the most important cases. Also, the results obtained from a single sample t test showed that the willingness of ranchers in choosing the type of exploitation at the level of 99% confidence are in all criteria except "water and soil" had a significant effect. Conclusion: Considering that sustainable rangeland management faces serious challenges of degradation, so choosing the type of exploitation for better rangeland management is one of the most important priorities. As the results showed, the willingness of ranchers in the study area has been towards individualization of rangelands needs changing the traditional perceptions of ranchers towards the collective exploitation of the land. The research results show that in collective exploitation, trust, responsibility acceptance, empathy and participation are good.